War has moved beyond the traditional domains of land, air, and sea to cyberspace and outer space, with AI being integrated into military systems and operations. This has created new vulnerabilities for states. Conventional deterrence strategies that establish the threat of retaliation in conventional and strategic domains are not effective enough to deter cyberattacks, attacks on space-based assets, and malicious use of AI.
Misbah Zainab
Misbah Zainab
Misbah Zainab is an MPhil scholar of International Relations at Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, and an intern at the Center for International Strategic Studies (CISS), Islamabad.
