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India tried two competing connectivity visions: the US-backed India-Middle East-Europe Economic (IMEC) corridor and the Iran-linked Chahbahar and International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) projects. The Iran war has exposed the fragility of this approach as the future of both visions hangs in the balance.

When the United States and Israel launched war against Iran in February 2026, Tehran retaliated without a conventional parity. Iran’s retaliation constituted ballistic and cruise missiles and large numbers of Shahed-series one-way attack drones. In sustained salvos, they targeted American and Israeli key operational nodes such as air defence systems, E-3 AWACS aircraft, and KC-135 aerial refuelling tankers.