The lunar South Pole has emerged as a major focus of international space exploration due to its scientific potential. In view of this, Pakistan has also decided to send its own scientific mission there. The country’s first indigenous lunar rover, “Jinnah-1,” will head to the Moon’s South Pole in 2029 aboard China’s Chang’e-8 mission.
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The global trend in Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) operations is moving towards stealthy, discrete and agile platforms. As India – the largest importer of major arms globally for its military modernization – disrupts and threatens the fragile stability of regional security architecture of South Asia.
Deterrence relies on military capability, but its effect is psychological. Nuclear weapons, missile defences, alliances and conventional forces shape how an adversary assesses the risks and costs of aggression. Bernard Brodie placed credible retaliation at the centre of nuclear deterrence, arguing that military power in the nuclear age should prevent war rather than win it.
During the May 2025 crisis, the confrontation between India and Pakistan had remain limited to land and air domains, while in the naval domain it was only limited to signaling and positioning and not an active combat. During the start of conflict, India deployed its naval aircraft carrier INS Vikrant for four days in the Arabian Sea but later moved it back to its base in Karnataka.
Pakistan-India’s crises, since 1998, demonstrate compelling evidence that nuclear weapons have not prevented small scale conflicts in South Asia. Most importantly, the May 2025 crisis evolved into the most serious military standoff since the 1971 war, in which for the first time, both countries exchanged missile strikes against each other’s counterforce targets across the international borders.
The Makkah Joint Defence Agreement between Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Türkiye marks an important shift in regional security cooperation. The three countries have agreed to support one another without defining a permanent threat. Each state will retain its existing alliances, partnerships, and foreign-policy priorities.
A prism to analyze this case study is the linking up of conventional strategic nuclear risk. Here, overlapping physical infrastructure, data pipelines, software, vendors, and cloud services rely on both conventional and nuclear command, communication, and support. An attack against a non-nuclear or commercial network may therefore be of nuclear interest if it impacts nuclear infrastructure facilities, information or support.
The state’s monopoly could not achieve Indian space aspirations, so the government expanded space for private companies. The entire space value chain was opened to private players in 2020 by establishing the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe). It acts as a bridge between ISRO and private space companies. Furthermore, it authorizes private satellite builds, launches, and space-based applications. It also facilitates the sharing of government-controlled space facilities.
The Triangle of Power: Rebalancing the New World Order is one of the earliest attempts by a sitting head of…
Debate continues over whether China is willing to supply Pakistan with its fifth-generation J-35 stealth fighter. Skeptics contend that Beijing is unlikely to export one of its most advanced combat aircraft while the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) is still expanding its own fleet.
