Outer space has transformed into a militarized zone and an emerging arena of geopolitics. Today, space militarization threatens space security and challenges deterrence stability by enhancing ISR capabilities, blurring the distinction between civilian and military targets through dual-use systems, and enabling the development and deployment of anti-satellite (ASAT) technology.
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The Center for International Strategic Studies (CISS) Islamabad conducts original policy research, analyses, and strategic outreach, and aims to highlight evolving regional and global strategic issues to promote peace and stability. The monthly perspective contains articles published by our researchers during the period.
The Center for International Strategic Studies (CISS) Islamabad conducts original policy research, analyses, and strategic outreach, and aims to highlight evolving regional and global strategic issues to promote peace and stability. The monthly perspective contains articles published by our researchers during the period.
In mid-2026, two developments occurred to alter the terms on which India’s nuclear programme could be assessed. First, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) announced technical readiness to begin full-scale development of the Agni-VI, a four stage,MIRV-capable intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) with a projected range of 10,000-12,000 kilometres.
The Center for International Strategic Studies (CISS) Islamabad conducts original policy research, analyses, and strategic outreach, and aims to highlight evolving regional and global strategic issues to promote peace and stability. The monthly perspective contains articles published by our researchers during the period.
The Center for International Strategic Studies (CISS) Islamabad conducts original policy research, analyses, and strategic outreach, and aims to highlight evolving regional and global strategic issues to promote peace and stability. The monthly perspective contains articles published by our researchers during the period.
The Center for International Strategic Studies (CISS) Islamabad conducts original policy research, analyses, and strategic outreach, and aims to highlight evolving regional and global strategic issues to promote peace and stability. The monthly perspective contains articles published by our researchers during the period.
This study examines the evolving dynamics of deterrence stability, crisis escalation, and strategic rivalry in South Asia one year after the May 2025 India-Pakistan crisis (Marka-e-Haq).
Twenty-eight years after Chaghai, Pakistan’s nuclear programme remains one of the most consequential strategic decisions in the country’s national history.…
Executive Summary This policy brief analyzes the pre-war drivers, key strategic aspirations of the actors involved, and post-war trajectories of…
