Areesha Manzoor

The state’s monopoly could not achieve Indian space aspirations, so the government expanded space for private companies. The entire space value chain was opened to private players in 2020 by establishing the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe). It acts as a bridge between ISRO and private space companies. Furthermore, it authorizes private satellite builds, launches, and space-based applications. It also facilitates the sharing of government-controlled space facilities.

For most of the Space Age, orbit was the exclusive province of superpowers, the US and USSR, during the Cold War era. Now, it has become a marketplace with many commercial actors.  “Third Space Age” is characterized by the commercialization of space after the invention of reusable rockets and mega-constellations.

Space technologies are being used as an important tool to tackle climate crises in the pre- and post-disaster management phases. This paper investigates the potential impact of Pakistan’s space programme renaissance on increasing national climate resilience.

The most immediate loss of failed missions is financial. The destruction of EOS-N1, along with 15 payloads, resulted in the loss of significant financial investment. The estimated loss of PSLV-C61 is ₹450-500 crore, and PSLV-C62/EOS-N1 and payloads are 650-750 crore.

The New Space Age begins in the 21st century, in which states and non-actors compete and cooperate to militarize, control…

Pakistan reached a new milestone in its scientific journey with to its successful space venture. The Pakistan Space and Upper…

From the 1957 Sputnik-1 satellite to more contemporary explorations such as NASA’s Artemis III program, space has become the high…

Pakistan launched the Pakistan Remote Sensing Satellite on July 31, 2025, using a Chinese Kuaizhou-1A carrier rocket from the Xichang Satellite…

The evolution of Indian naval doctrine can be studied by the Holmes and Yoshihara model. India declared its first naval…

“Everyone’s worried about stopping terrorism. Well, there’s really an easy way: stop participating in it.” Noam Chomsky India, while making…