The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is a cornerstone of the global nuclear non-proliferation regime. It was opened for signature in July 1968, and it entered into force in March 1970 after extensive negotiations within the Eighteen-Nation Committee on Disarmament (ENCD) in Geneva. Initially, the treaty was ratified by the three depositary governments that were also de jure Nuclear Weapon States: The United States (US), the United Kingdom (UK), and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), along with forty other non-nuclear weapon states.
Malik Kashif
Malik Kashif
Mr Malik Muhammad Kashif is Research Assistant at the Center for International Strategic Studies (CISS), Islamabad.
New Delhi’s first dimension of nuclear expansionism is its sustainable vertical proliferation. With a substantial rise of 280%, India’s arsenal has increased from around 50 warheads in 2008 to around 190 warheads in 2026. This increasing stockpile is supported by the expansion of fissile material production.
The institutional foundation of India’s missile programme was laid with the establishment of the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) in 1958 and the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) in 1969.
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