The underlying principle of the Chemical Weapons Convention expressed in Article XI is that disarmament should not be achieved at the expense of development. This Convention is not only intended to eradicate chemical weapons but also to allow all States Parties to enjoy the benefits of the peaceful application of chemistry.
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New Delhi’s first dimension of nuclear expansionism is its sustainable vertical proliferation. With a substantial rise of 280%, India’s arsenal has increased from around 50 warheads in 2008 to around 190 warheads in 2026. This increasing stockpile is supported by the expansion of fissile material production.
The agreement provides the legal basis for broad U.S.-Saudi cooperation in the peaceful use of nuclear energy. It also strengthens the position of American companies competing for Saudi Arabia’s planned nuclear power program while limiting the space available to other suppliers who compete with the U.S.
The growing integration of dual-use technologies, anti-satellite (ASAT) capabilities, and space-based defense systems has undermined the civilian-military distinction, exposing critical shortcomings in the existing legal architecture, particularly the 1967 Outer Space Treaty (OST).
The institutional foundation of India’s missile programme was laid with the establishment of the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) in 1958 and the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) in 1969.
The Indian Army has announced the operationalization of first-batch of long-overdue Integrated Battle Groups (IBGs), the idea for which was first conceived in 2004, under the aegis of the limited-war doctrine known as the Cold Start Doctrine.
The Indian nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) program has come a long way since the commissioning of INS Arihant in 2016. This brings a few key questions into the spotlight: Will India pursue a continuous at-sea deterrence (CASD) or follow the Russian-originated Bastion strategy?
France has not declared that it will keep nuclear weapons in friendly countries permanently, and retains sole right over any such decision. The discussions, planning and exercises will involve partner countries, with France indicating that security in Europe is becoming increasingly linked with security of France.
Beyond expanding its nuclear arsenal, India is investing in a range of advanced strategic capabilities. Recent advancements include testing of Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) technology, further development of longer-range ballistic missiles, an increase in Indian nuclear submarines, rail-based nuclear weapon testing, and deployment of long-range sea-launched ballistic missiles (SLBM).
Bangladesh’s trade with China surged to about $24 billion in 2023, surpassing its trade volume with India, which stood at $18 billion. China’s extensive infrastructure investments in Bangladesh, including the Padma Bridge, Dhaka Metro Rail, and the Karnaphuli Tunnel, have significantly improved trade efficiency and strengthened Bangladesh’s position as a regional economic hub.
