Executive Summary
Rapid technological advancements driven by increasing computational power and data-centric approaches are fundamentally reshaping the conduct of modern warfare. States are prioritizing strategic yet cost-effective platforms that are beginning to challenge traditional concepts of deterrence and strategic stability. Quantum technologies, in particular, promise to enhance Positioning, Navigation, and Targeting (PNT) with unprecedented precision. This could render strategic and stealth assets increasingly vulnerable to low-cost, agile platforms equipped with near-zero Circular Error Probable (CEP) munitions. Although still in the testing phase, quantum technologies are progressing rapidly, with major powers such as China and the US at the forefront. India’s advancements are especially concerning for Pakistan, as they risk further eroding South Asian strategic stability and fueling a technological race in the region. The following analysis examines quantum technologies as a potential third phase of the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA), assessing India’s progress, Pakistan’s response, and the policy measures necessary to mitigate emerging threats.
Mr Saad Riaz is Research Fellow at the Center for International Strategic Studies (CISS), Islamabad
