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MARKA-E-HAQ – One Year On: Strategic Lessons and Emerging Pathways

CISS-PakistanBy CISS-Pakistan

This study examines the evolving dynamics of deterrence stability, crisis escalation, and strategic rivalry in South Asia one year after the May 2025 India-Pakistan crisis (Marka-e-Haq). Drawing on a structured expert survey from Pakistan’s strategic community, supported by quantitative and qualitative analysis, expert commentary, and thematic analysis, the forecast analyzes how structural disputes, technological transformation, Indian domestic political dynamics, escalation mechanisms, and system-level modifiers are reshaping the regional security environment. The study argues that South Asia is transitioning from a relatively contained deterrence framework toward a technologically accelerated, politically amplified, and multi-domain escalation environment characterized by conditional rather than assured stability.

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Team CISS

Mr Syed Ali Abbas

Research Officer/ Comm Officer/ Managing Editor CISS Insight

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Syed Ali Abbas is a Research Officer/Communication Officer at the Center for International Strategic Studies (CISS), Islamabad. Previously, he served as an associate editor at Indus News Network. His areas of interest include Middle East politics, military modernization, foreign policy, and nuclear politics. He has contributed to various platforms, including The National Interest, South Asian Voices, and others.

Dr Anum Riaz

Associate Director Research

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Dr. Anum Riaz is the Associate Director Research at the Center for International Strategic Studies, Islamabad. She holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from the Department of Political Science at Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan. She also possesses M.Phil. and M.Sc. degrees from the Department of Defence and Strategic Studies at Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad. Additionally, she has taught BS and Master’s students at the Department of Political Science at Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan. Her areas of interest include strategic studies, international relations, international nuclear politics, the nuclear non-proliferation regime, arms control and disarmament, as well as traditional and non-traditional security issues.

Dr Bilal Zubair

Director Research

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Dr. Bilal Zubair has worked as an Assistant Professor at the National Defence University Islamabad and Lecturer at the National University of Science and Technology. He holds a Ph.D. and M. Phil. in International Relations from Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad. Dr. Zubair is author of the book Chinese Soft Power and Public Diplomacy in the United States (Palgrave Macmillan, 2024) and contributed to several journal articles and book chapters focusing on soft power, diplomacy, and China’s role in international relations.

His research has been published in various academic journals, and he has presented at international conferences Dr. Zubair has also been an active reviewer and editorial board member. His professional interests include great power politics, and the role of communication in global diplomacy.

Mr Mobeen Jafar Mir

Research Officer

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Mobeen Jafar Mir is a Research Officer at the Center for International Strategic Studies (CISS), Islamabad. His research focuses on U.S. foreign policy, particularly in the areas of strategy, technology, and arms control. He is currently pursuing an M.Phil. in International Relations at the School of Politics and International Relations, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad. He can be found on Twitter @jafar_mobeen.