For most of the Space Age, orbit was the exclusive province of superpowers, the US and USSR, during the Cold War era. Now, it has become a marketplace with many commercial actors. “Third Space Age” is characterized by the commercialization of space after the invention of reusable rockets and mega-constellations.
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The decision by India to place the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) in abeyance has transformed the treaty from a water-sharing agreement into a test of strategic stability in South Asia. The treaty, once seen as a technical document to deal with the management of shared rivers, is now more influenced by geopolitical rivalry, loss of political trust, and growing securitisation of water.
Space technologies are being used as an important tool to tackle climate crises in the pre- and post-disaster management phases. This paper investigates the potential impact of Pakistan’s space programme renaissance on increasing national climate resilience.
International Nuclear Order is largely defined as the covenant of international treaties, governing institutions and other legal frameworks associated with nuclear technology regulation. However, what sustains it goes beyond the legally binding instruments to state behavior and shared norms.
On 22n July, the Trump administration announced it would sign a civil nuclear deal with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, allowing the export of nuclear technology to Riyadh. However, According to While House ,the deal, called a 123 agreement, is centred on ratification of the Abraham Accords.
In July 2026, hackers leaked over nineteen thousand files from India’s Kudankulam nuclear power plant. The files contained blueprints, cooling layouts, and supplier lists. On the surface, this was a routine cyberattack.
The next India-Pakistan crisis might not begin with a missile, but with a video that never happened. AI can now generate realistic videos, images and audio within minutes. In a nuclearized region, marked by crises, it’s not just a change of technology; it can have implications on how crises emerge and escalate in South Asia.
On May 10th, 2026, Pakistan celebrated the first anniversary of Marka-e-Haq. It is one year of the epochal Operation Bunyan al Marsoos, which means ‘a fortified structure’ not just literally but also in real terms. Despite India’s provocation, Pakistan maintained escalation control through its resolve, discipline, and restraint, as symbolized by its name. Pakistan’s defense operation demonstrated a calibrated response and a prime example of exercising nuclear responsibility under escalating pressure.
Scientific collaboration across the world is changing at an unprecedented rate with the advent of artificial intelligence, cloud computing and digital research platforms. Sensitive technical knowledge can now be shared between scientists internationally via virtual laboratories, cloud technologies for collaboration, and AI tools to support research.
The crisis stability in South Asia remains severely fragile, given the nature of India-Pakistan relations. The May 2025 post-Pahalgam four-day conflict has further highlighted the challenges for regional crisis stability. Since the nuclearization of South Asia, India has been trying to carve out a space for a limited war under the nuclear overhang against Pakistan.
